Everything about The Colony Of Virginia totally explained
The
Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the
Virginia Colony and occasionally as the
Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was the
English colony in
North America that existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the
American Revolution (as a
British colony after 1707).
The Colony of Virginia was named in the 16th century for Queen
Elizabeth I, the "Virgin Queen" who never married. After the
English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King
Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the
Commonwealth of England.
After independence from Great Britain in the late 18th century, a southeastern portion of the original Virginia Colony became the
Commonwealth of Virginia, one of the original
thirteen states of the
United States, adopting as its official slogan, "The Old Dominion." After the United States was formed, the entire states of
West Virginia,
Kentucky,
Indiana and
Illinois, and portions of
Ohio were all later created from the territory encompassed earlier by the Colony of Virginia.
History of Virginia
The name "Virginia" is the oldest designation for English claims in North America, and refers to the "
Virgin Queen,"
Elizabeth I, who ruled
England prior to the period of its establishment. Initially, the term applied to the entire eastern coast of North America from the 34th parallel (near
Cape Fear) north to the 48th parallel, including the shorelines of
Acadia and a large portion of inland
Canada. Both
Spain and
France had claims to the region, but neither was able to prevent the English from becoming the dominant power. To the south along the Atlantic Coast of North America,
Spain attempted to establish settlements at least as far north as South Carolina. The short-lived
Ajacan Mission is believed to have been established on the shore of
Chesapeake Bay. The Spanish colony of
Spanish Florida, centered on
St. Augustine, was established in 1565.
Settlements at Roanoke Island
In 1584, Sir
Walter Raleigh sent his first colonization mission to the island of
Roanoke (in present-day
North Carolina). This was the first English settlement, although it didn't survive.
In 1587, Raleigh sent another group to again attempt to establish a permanent settlement. The first English child born in the
New World was named
Virginia Dare. The expedition leader,
John White returned to England for supplies that same year, but was unable to return to the colony due to war between England and Spain. When he finally did return in 1591, he found the colony abandoned. The houses were intact, but the colonists had completely disappeared. Although there are a number of theories about the fate of the colony, it remains a mystery and has come to be known as the
"Lost Colony".
Dare County was named in honor of the baby Virginia Dare, who was among those whose fate is unknown.
Virginia Company: Plymouth and London branches
Following the death of Queen
Elizabeth I in 1603, King
James I ascended to the throne. England was financially pressed following years of war with Spain. To raise funds to explore the
New World, to bring back gold and other riches and seek the
Northwest Passage to the
Middle East and
India, he granted a proprietary
charter to two competing branches of the
Virginia Company, which were supported by investors. These were the
Plymouth Company and the
London Company.
By the terms of the charter, the Plymouth Company was permitted to establish a colony of 100 miles square between the 38th parallel and the 45th parallel (roughly between
Chesapeake Bay and the current
U.S.-
Canada border). The London Company was permitted to establish between the 34th parallel and the 41st parallel (approximately between
Cape Fear and
Long Island Sound), and also owned a large portion of Atlantic and Inland
Canada. In the area of overlap, the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other.
During 1606, each company organized expeditions to establish settlements within the area of their rights.
Popham Colony
Richard, sailed for the New World. However, it was intercepted and captured by the Spanish near
Florida in November 1606, and never reached Virginia. The next attempt was more successful. About 120 colonists left
Plymouth on
May 31,
1607 in two ships. Colony leader
George Popham sailed aboard the
Gift of God, while second-in-command
Ralegh Gilbert traveled on the
Mary and John, whose captain was
Robert Davies. Captain Davies maintained a diary which is one of the modern sources of information about the Popham Colony.
Arriving in August 1607, these Plymouth Company colonists established their settlement, known as the
Popham Colony, in the present-day town of
Phippsburg, Maine near the mouth of the
Kennebec River. They intended to trade
precious metals,
spices,
furs, and show that the local forests could be used to build English ships. Half of the colonists returned to England in the fall of 1607 aboard the
Gift of God; the other half stayed through the winter, spring, and summer, during which time they built a 30-ton ship, a
pinnace they named
Virginia. Late that summer, all the remaining colonists returned to England aboard the
Virginia and the
Mary and John. The short-lived colony had lasted about a year. Although not permanent, it was the first English colony in the region that would eventually become known as
New England. The exact site of the Popham Colony had long been lost until its rediscovery in
1994.
Jamestown Settlement
Christopher Newport to head its expedition. In December 1606, he set sail from England with his
flagship, the
Susan Constant, and two smaller ships, the
Godspeed, and the
Discovery, with 144 men and boys, 40 of whom died while at sea. After an unusually long voyage of 144 days, they arrived at the mouth of the
Chesapeake Bay, and came ashore at the point where the southern side of the bay meets the
Atlantic Ocean, an event which has come to be called the "First Landing". They erected a cross, and named the point of land
Cape Henry, in honor of
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James.
Their instructions were to select a location inland along a waterway where they'd be less vulnerable to the Spanish or other Europeans also seeking to establish colonies. They sailed westward into the Bay and reached the mouth of
Hampton Roads, stopping at a location now known as
Old Point Comfort. Keeping the shoreline to their right, they then ventured up the largest river, which they named the
James, for their king. After exploring at least as far upriver as the confluence of the
Appomattox River at present-day
Hopewell, they returned downstream to
Jamestown Island, which offered a favorable defensive position against enemy ships and deep water anchorage adjacent to the land. Within 2 weeks, they'd constructed their first fort, and named their settlement
Jamestown.
In addition to securing gold and other precious minerals to send back to the waiting investors in England, the survival plan for the Jamestown colonists depended upon regular supplies from England and trade with the
Native Americans. The location they selected was largely cutoff from the mainland, and offered little game for hunting, no fresh drinking water, and very limited ground for farming. Captain Newport returned to England twice, delivering the First Supply and the Second Supply missions during 1608, and leaving the
Discovery for the use of the colonists. However, death from disease and conflicts with the Natives Americans took a fearsome toll of the colonists. Despite attempts at mining minerals, growing silk, and exporting the native Virginia tobacco, no profitable exports had been identified, and it was unclear whether the settlement would survive financially.
In
1609, with the abandonment of the Plymouth Company settlement, the London Company's Virginia charter was adjusted to include the territory north of the 34th parallel and south of the 39th parallel, with its original coastal grant extended "from sea to sea". Thus, at least on paper, the Virginia Colony in its original sense extended to the coast of the
Pacific Ocean, in what is now California, with all the states in between (
Kentucky,
Missouri,
Colorado,
Utah, etc) belonging to Virginia. For practical purposes, though, the original Virginians rarely ventured far inland to what was then known as "The Virginia Wilderness", although the concept itself helped renew the interest of investors, and additional funds enabled an expanded effort, known as the
Third Supply.
For the Third Supply, the London Company had a new ship built. The
Sea Venture was specifically designed for emigration of additional colonists and transporting supplies. It became the
flagship of the Admiral of the convoy, Sir
George Somers. The Third Supply was the largest to date, with 8 other ships joining the
Sea Venture. The new Captain of the
Sea Venture was mission's Vice-Admiral, Christopher Newport. Hundreds of new colonists were aboard the ships. However, weather was to drastically impact the mission.
Bermuda: The Somers Isles
Sea Venture, carrying most of the supplies of the mission, deliberately driven aground onto the reefs of
Bermuda to avoid sinking. However, while there was no loss of life, the ship was wrecked beyond repair, stranding its survivors on the uninhabited
archipelago, to which they laid claim for England.
The survivors at Bermuda eventually built two smaller ships and most of them continued on to Jamestown, leaving a few on Bermuda to secure the claim.
The Company's possession of Bermuda was made official in 1612, when the third and final charter extended the boundaries of 'Virginia' far enough out to sea to encompass Bermuda, which was also known, for a time, as Virgineola.
Bermuda has since been known officially also as
The Somers Isles (in commemoration of
Admiral Sir George Somers, head of the Third Supply Mission). The shareholders of the Virginia Company spun-off a second company, the
Somers Isles Company, which adminstered Bermuda from 1615 til 1684.
However, upon their arrival at Jamestown, the survivors of the
Sea Venture discovered that the 10 month delay had greatly aggravated other adverse conditions. Seven of the other ships had arrived carrying more colonists, but little in the way of food and supplies. Combined with a drought, and hostile relations with the
Native Americans, the loss of the supplies which had been aboard the
Sea Venture had resulted in the
Starving Time in late 1609 to May 1610, during which over 80% of the colonists perished. The survivors from Bermuda had brought few supplies and food with them, and it appeared to all that Jamestown must be abandoned and it would be necessary to return to England.
A timely arrival: Lord Delaware
Samuel Argall was the captain of one of the seven ships of the Third Supply which had arrived at Jamestown in 1609 after becoming separated from the
Sea Venture, whose fate was unknown. Depositing his passengers and limited supplies, he'd returned to England with word of the plight of the colonists at Jamestown. The King had authorized another leader,
Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, later better known as "Lord Delaware", to have greater powers, and the London Company had organized another Supply mission. They set sail from London on April 1, 1610.
Just after the survivors of the Starving Time and those who had joined them from Bermuda had abandoned Jamestown, the ships of the new supply mission sailed up the James River with food, supplies, a doctor, and more colonists. Lord Delaware was determined that the colony was to survive, and intercepted the departing ships about 10 miles downstream of Jamestown. Among these individuals who had briefly abandoned Jamestown was a
Sea Venture survivor who had lost his wife and son in Bermuda. He was a businessman from London who had some untried seeds for new, sweeter strains of tobacco with him, as well as some untried marketing ideas. His name was
John Rolfe, and it was to turn out that he held the key to the Colony's economic success.
By 1612, Rolfe's new strains of
tobacco had been successfully cultivated and exported. Finally, a
cash crop to
export had been identified, and
plantations and new outposts sprung up, initially both upriver and downriver along the navigable portion of the
James River, and thereafter along the other rivers and waterways of the area. The settlement at Jamestown could finally be considered permanently established.
Relations
In 1620, a successor to the Plymouth Company sent colonists to the New World aboard the
Mayflower. Known as
pilgrims, they successfully established a settlement in what became
Massachusetts. The portion of what had been Virginia north of the 40th parallel became known as
New England, according to books written by
Captain John Smith, who had made a voyage there.
In
1624, the Virginia Company's charter was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority as a
crown colony. Subsequent charters for the
Maryland Colony in 1632 and the
Carolina Colony in
1665 further reduced the Virginia Colony to coastal borders it held until the
American Revolution.
Names and nicknames for Virginia
Charles II gave Virginia the title of "Old Dominion" in gratitude of Virginia's loyalty to the crown during the
English Civil War; Virginia maintains "Old Dominion" as its
state nickname. Accordingly, the University of Virginia's athletic teams are known as "
Cavaliers", and one of the other state public universities is "
Old Dominion University". The
Virginia topic lists additional names.
Image:Generall Historie of Virginia.jpg|"The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles", by Capt. John Smith
Image:Virginia map john smith large.jpg|John Smith's Map of Virginia (1612)
Image:Virginia 1612 map.jpg|Colored version of same map
Image:Sylvester Jordain - Discovery of the Barmudas.jpg|Sylvester Jordain's "A Discovery of the Barmudas"
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